Digestion system - WORLD HEALTH

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 scholarship system of human anatomy
DEFINITION
Digestive system (from mouth to anus) function as follows:
- Receiving food
- Breaking down food into nutrients (a process called digestion)
- Absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
- Discard the food that can not be digested from the body.

Digestive tract consists of the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum and anus. Digestive system also includes the organs that lie outside the digestive tract, IE pancreas, liver and gallbladder.

Traditional medicine plants : 

Mouth, Throat & Esophagus

The mouth is the entrance to the digestive system and respiratory system. Part
in the mouth covered by a mucous membrane. Channels of the salivary glands in the cheeks, under the tongue and under the jaw drain its contents into the mouth. On the floor of the mouth there are tongues, which serves to feel and mix of food. Behind and below the mouth there is a throat (pharynx). Taste is felt by the sensory organs located on the surface of the tongue. Perceived by the olfactory nerves of smell in the nose. Taste is relatively simple, consisting of sweet, sour, salty and bitter. Smell is more complicated, consisting of a variety of odors.

Food is cut into pieces by the front teeth (incisors) and chewed by the back teeth (molars, molars), into smaller parts that are easier to digest. Saliva from the salivary glands will wrap the parts of the food with digestive enzymes and begin digesting it. At meals, the flow of saliva to clean the bacteria that can cause tooth decay and other abnormalities. Saliva also contains antibodies and enzymes (egg lysozyme), which break down proteins and attack the bacteria directly.

The process of swallowing begins consciously and continues automatically. Epiglottis will be closed so that food does not enter into the windpipe (trachea) and into the lungs, while the roof of the mouth next to the rear (moles palate, soft palate) lifted so that food does not enter into the nose. Gullet (esophagus) is a muscular channel thin-walled and lined by mucous membrane. The esophagus connects the throat to the stomach. Food is pushed through the esophagus rather than by gravity, but by the waves of rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles called peristalsis.

 side

Hull is a hollow muscular organ shaped like a cage big and donkeys, consists of three parts: cardia, fundus and antrum. Food into the stomach from the esophagus through a ring-shaped muscle (sphincter), which can open and close. Under normal circumstances, the sphincter prevents re-entry of gastric contents into the esophagus. Stomach serves as a storehouse of food, which contracts rhythmically to mix food with enzymes.

The cells lining the stomach produce three important substances:
- mucus
- Hydrochloric acid
- Precursor of pepsin (enzymes that break the protein).

Mucus protects the stomach cells from damage by stomach acid and enzymes. Any abnormalities in this mucus layer (whether due to infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or aspirin), can cause damage that leads to the formation of ulcers. Hydrochloric acid creates an atmosphere that is very acidic, which is required by pepsin to break down proteins. High gastric acidity also acts as a barrier against infection by killing many bacteria.

Acid release is stimulated by:
- The nerves to the stomach
- Gastrin (a hormone secreted by the stomach)
- Histamine (a substance secreted by the stomach).

Pepsin is responsible for about 10% protein solution. Pepsin is the only enzyme that digests collagen, which is a protein and the main content of the meat. Only a few substances that can be absorbed directly from the stomach (such as alcohol and aspirin) and even then only in very small quantities.


small intestine

The stomach releases food into the duodenum (duodenum), which is the first part of the small intestine. Food into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter in the amount that can be digested by the intestine. When full, the duodenum to the stomach sends a signal to stop flow of food.

The duodenum receives pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The liquid (entering into the duodenum through a hole called the sphincter of Oddi) is an essential part of the process of digestion and absorption. Peristaltic movement also helps digestion and absorption by stirring and mixing it with substances produced by the intestine.

The first few inches of the lining of the duodenum is slippery, but the rest have folds, small bumps (villi) and a smaller protrusions (microvilli). Villi and microvilli increase the surface of the layer causing the duodenum, thereby increasing the amount of nutrients absorbed. The rest of the small intestine, which is located below the duodenum, jejunum and ileum consists of. This section is primarily responsible for the absorption of fat and other nutrients. Absorption is enhanced by a broad surface being composed of folds, villi and microvilli.

Intestinal wall is rich in blood vessels that carry substances that are absorbed into the liver via the portal vein. The walls of the intestines release mucus (which lubricates the intestinal contents) and water (which helps dissolve the fragments digested food). The walls of the intestine also releases small amounts of enzymes that digest proteins, sugars and fats.

The density of the intestinal contents changed gradually, as his journey through the intestines. In the duodenum, the water quickly pumped into the intestinal contents to dissolve the gastric acidity. When passing through the lower intestine, intestinal contents become more fluid because it contains water, mucus and pancreatic enzymes.


  small intestine

The stomach releases food into the duodenum (duodenum), which is the first part of the small intestine. Food into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter in the amount that can be digested by the intestine. When full, the duodenum to the stomach sends a signal to stop flow of food.

The duodenum receives pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The liquid (entering into the duodenum through a hole called the sphincter of Oddi) is an essential part of the process of digestion and absorption. Peristaltic movement also helps digestion and absorption by stirring and mixing it with substances produced by the intestine.

The first few inches of the lining of the duodenum is slippery, but the rest have folds, small bumps (villi) and a smaller protrusions (microvilli). Villi and microvilli increase the surface of the layer causing the duodenum, thereby increasing the amount of nutrients absorbed. The rest of the small intestine, which is located below the duodenum, jejunum and ileum consists of. This section is primarily responsible for the absorption of fat and other nutrients. Absorption is enhanced by a broad surface being composed of folds, villi and microvilli.

Intestinal wall blood vessels that carry substances that are absorbed into the liver via the portal vein. The walls of the intestines release mucus (which lubricates the intestinal contents) and water (which helps dissolve the fragments digested food). The walls of the intestine also releases small amounts of enzymes that digest proteins, sugars and fats.

The density of the intestinal contents changed gradually, as his journey through the intestines. In the duodenum, the water quickly pumped into the intestinal contents to dissolve the gastric acidity. When passing through the lower intestine, intestinal contents become more fluid because it contains water, mucus and pancreatic enzymes.


heart

The liver is a large organ and it has various functions, some of which are associated with digestion. Nutrients from food are absorbed into the intestinal wall that is rich in blood vessels are small (capillaries). These capillaries drain the blood into the veins that join larger veins and eventually enter the liver as the portal vein. Portal vein splits into tiny vessels within the liver, where the incoming blood is processed.

The blood is processed in two ways:
- Bacteria and other foreign particles that are absorbed from the intestine removed
- Various nutrients are absorbed from the gut further broken down so that it can be used by the body.

Heart perform the process at high speed, after the blood is enriched with nutrients, blood flowed into the general circulation. The liver produces about half of all cholesterol in the body, the rest comes from food. About 80% of cholesterol produced in the liver is used to make bile. The liver also produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.


Gall & Gall Bladder Channel

Bile flow from the liver through the ductus hepatikus left and right, which then combine to form a common duct hepatikus. These channels are then joined by a line originating from the gallbladder (cystic duct) to form the common bile duct. Pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct and into the duodenum.

Before eating, bile salts accumulate in the gall bladder and bile flow is only slightly from the liver. Food in the duodenum triggers a series of hormonal signals and neural signals so that the gall bladder to contract. As a result, bile flows into the duodenum and mix with food.

Bile has two important functions:
- Helps digestion and absorption of fat
- Participate in the disposal of certain wastes from the body, especially the destruction of hemoglobin from red blood cells and excess cholesterol.

Specifically bile plays a role in various processes of the following:
- Bile salts increase the solubility of cholesterol, fat and fat-soluble vitamins to help the absorption process
- Bile salts stimulate the release of water by the colon to help move the contents
- Bilirubin (the main pigment of bile) thrown into the bile as a waste of red blood cells are destroyed
- Drugs and other waste dumped in the bile and then eliminated from the body
- A variety of proteins that play a role in the function of bile in the gall discarded.

Bile salts are absorbed back into the small intestine, refined by the liver and flows back into the bile. This circulation is known as enterohepatic circulation. The whole of bile salts in the body circulate as much as 10-12 times / day. In each circulation, a small amount of bile salts into the large intestine (colon). In the colon, bacteria break down the bile salts into various constituent. Some of the constituents is reabsorbed and the rest is disposed of with feces.


colon

The large intestine consists of:
- Ascending colon (right)
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon (left)
- Sigmoid colon (associated with the rectum).

Appendix (appendectomy) is a small protrusion shaped like a tube, which is located in the ascending colon, ascending colon on the border with the small intestine. Colon produces mucus and serves to absorb water and electrolytes from the feces. When it reaches the large intestine, intestinal contents as a liquid, but when it reaches the rectum into solid form. The number of bacteria present in the colon serves to digest some of the ingredients and helps absorption of nutrients.


Bacteria in the colon also serves to make the important substances, such as vitamin K. These bacteria are essential for normal function of the intestine. Some diseases and antibiotics can cause interference with the bacteria in the colon. The result is irritation that could cause the release of mucus and water, and there was diarrhea.




Rectum & Anal

The rectum is a room that starts from the end of the colon (the sigmoid colon) and ends at the anus. Rectum is usually empty because the stool is stored in a higher place, namely in the descending colon. If the descending colon is full and feces into the rectum, then the desire to defecate. Adults and older children can resist this desire, but infants and younger children have less control of the muscles that are important to delay defecation.

The anus is a hole at the end of the digestive tract, where waste material out of the body. Most of the anus is formed from the body surface (skin) and some of the intestine. A muscular ring (sphincter ani) keeping the anus remains closed.


Digestion system

 scholarship system of human anatomy
DEFINITION
Digestive system (from mouth to anus) function as follows:
- Receiving food
- Breaking down food into nutrients (a process called digestion)
- Absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
- Discard the food that can not be digested from the body.

Digestive tract consists of the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum and anus. Digestive system also includes the organs that lie outside the digestive tract, IE pancreas, liver and gallbladder.

Traditional medicine plants : 

Mouth, Throat & Esophagus

The mouth is the entrance to the digestive system and respiratory system. Part
in the mouth covered by a mucous membrane. Channels of the salivary glands in the cheeks, under the tongue and under the jaw drain its contents into the mouth. On the floor of the mouth there are tongues, which serves to feel and mix of food. Behind and below the mouth there is a throat (pharynx). Taste is felt by the sensory organs located on the surface of the tongue. Perceived by the olfactory nerves of smell in the nose. Taste is relatively simple, consisting of sweet, sour, salty and bitter. Smell is more complicated, consisting of a variety of odors.

Food is cut into pieces by the front teeth (incisors) and chewed by the back teeth (molars, molars), into smaller parts that are easier to digest. Saliva from the salivary glands will wrap the parts of the food with digestive enzymes and begin digesting it. At meals, the flow of saliva to clean the bacteria that can cause tooth decay and other abnormalities. Saliva also contains antibodies and enzymes (egg lysozyme), which break down proteins and attack the bacteria directly.

The process of swallowing begins consciously and continues automatically. Epiglottis will be closed so that food does not enter into the windpipe (trachea) and into the lungs, while the roof of the mouth next to the rear (moles palate, soft palate) lifted so that food does not enter into the nose. Gullet (esophagus) is a muscular channel thin-walled and lined by mucous membrane. The esophagus connects the throat to the stomach. Food is pushed through the esophagus rather than by gravity, but by the waves of rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles called peristalsis.

 side

Hull is a hollow muscular organ shaped like a cage big and donkeys, consists of three parts: cardia, fundus and antrum. Food into the stomach from the esophagus through a ring-shaped muscle (sphincter), which can open and close. Under normal circumstances, the sphincter prevents re-entry of gastric contents into the esophagus. Stomach serves as a storehouse of food, which contracts rhythmically to mix food with enzymes.

The cells lining the stomach produce three important substances:
- mucus
- Hydrochloric acid
- Precursor of pepsin (enzymes that break the protein).

Mucus protects the stomach cells from damage by stomach acid and enzymes. Any abnormalities in this mucus layer (whether due to infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or aspirin), can cause damage that leads to the formation of ulcers. Hydrochloric acid creates an atmosphere that is very acidic, which is required by pepsin to break down proteins. High gastric acidity also acts as a barrier against infection by killing many bacteria.

Acid release is stimulated by:
- The nerves to the stomach
- Gastrin (a hormone secreted by the stomach)
- Histamine (a substance secreted by the stomach).

Pepsin is responsible for about 10% protein solution. Pepsin is the only enzyme that digests collagen, which is a protein and the main content of the meat. Only a few substances that can be absorbed directly from the stomach (such as alcohol and aspirin) and even then only in very small quantities.


small intestine

The stomach releases food into the duodenum (duodenum), which is the first part of the small intestine. Food into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter in the amount that can be digested by the intestine. When full, the duodenum to the stomach sends a signal to stop flow of food.

The duodenum receives pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The liquid (entering into the duodenum through a hole called the sphincter of Oddi) is an essential part of the process of digestion and absorption. Peristaltic movement also helps digestion and absorption by stirring and mixing it with substances produced by the intestine.

The first few inches of the lining of the duodenum is slippery, but the rest have folds, small bumps (villi) and a smaller protrusions (microvilli). Villi and microvilli increase the surface of the layer causing the duodenum, thereby increasing the amount of nutrients absorbed. The rest of the small intestine, which is located below the duodenum, jejunum and ileum consists of. This section is primarily responsible for the absorption of fat and other nutrients. Absorption is enhanced by a broad surface being composed of folds, villi and microvilli.

Intestinal wall is rich in blood vessels that carry substances that are absorbed into the liver via the portal vein. The walls of the intestines release mucus (which lubricates the intestinal contents) and water (which helps dissolve the fragments digested food). The walls of the intestine also releases small amounts of enzymes that digest proteins, sugars and fats.

The density of the intestinal contents changed gradually, as his journey through the intestines. In the duodenum, the water quickly pumped into the intestinal contents to dissolve the gastric acidity. When passing through the lower intestine, intestinal contents become more fluid because it contains water, mucus and pancreatic enzymes.


  small intestine

The stomach releases food into the duodenum (duodenum), which is the first part of the small intestine. Food into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter in the amount that can be digested by the intestine. When full, the duodenum to the stomach sends a signal to stop flow of food.

The duodenum receives pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The liquid (entering into the duodenum through a hole called the sphincter of Oddi) is an essential part of the process of digestion and absorption. Peristaltic movement also helps digestion and absorption by stirring and mixing it with substances produced by the intestine.

The first few inches of the lining of the duodenum is slippery, but the rest have folds, small bumps (villi) and a smaller protrusions (microvilli). Villi and microvilli increase the surface of the layer causing the duodenum, thereby increasing the amount of nutrients absorbed. The rest of the small intestine, which is located below the duodenum, jejunum and ileum consists of. This section is primarily responsible for the absorption of fat and other nutrients. Absorption is enhanced by a broad surface being composed of folds, villi and microvilli.

Intestinal wall blood vessels that carry substances that are absorbed into the liver via the portal vein. The walls of the intestines release mucus (which lubricates the intestinal contents) and water (which helps dissolve the fragments digested food). The walls of the intestine also releases small amounts of enzymes that digest proteins, sugars and fats.

The density of the intestinal contents changed gradually, as his journey through the intestines. In the duodenum, the water quickly pumped into the intestinal contents to dissolve the gastric acidity. When passing through the lower intestine, intestinal contents become more fluid because it contains water, mucus and pancreatic enzymes.


heart

The liver is a large organ and it has various functions, some of which are associated with digestion. Nutrients from food are absorbed into the intestinal wall that is rich in blood vessels are small (capillaries). These capillaries drain the blood into the veins that join larger veins and eventually enter the liver as the portal vein. Portal vein splits into tiny vessels within the liver, where the incoming blood is processed.

The blood is processed in two ways:
- Bacteria and other foreign particles that are absorbed from the intestine removed
- Various nutrients are absorbed from the gut further broken down so that it can be used by the body.

Heart perform the process at high speed, after the blood is enriched with nutrients, blood flowed into the general circulation. The liver produces about half of all cholesterol in the body, the rest comes from food. About 80% of cholesterol produced in the liver is used to make bile. The liver also produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.


Gall & Gall Bladder Channel

Bile flow from the liver through the ductus hepatikus left and right, which then combine to form a common duct hepatikus. These channels are then joined by a line originating from the gallbladder (cystic duct) to form the common bile duct. Pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct and into the duodenum.

Before eating, bile salts accumulate in the gall bladder and bile flow is only slightly from the liver. Food in the duodenum triggers a series of hormonal signals and neural signals so that the gall bladder to contract. As a result, bile flows into the duodenum and mix with food.

Bile has two important functions:
- Helps digestion and absorption of fat
- Participate in the disposal of certain wastes from the body, especially the destruction of hemoglobin from red blood cells and excess cholesterol.

Specifically bile plays a role in various processes of the following:
- Bile salts increase the solubility of cholesterol, fat and fat-soluble vitamins to help the absorption process
- Bile salts stimulate the release of water by the colon to help move the contents
- Bilirubin (the main pigment of bile) thrown into the bile as a waste of red blood cells are destroyed
- Drugs and other waste dumped in the bile and then eliminated from the body
- A variety of proteins that play a role in the function of bile in the gall discarded.

Bile salts are absorbed back into the small intestine, refined by the liver and flows back into the bile. This circulation is known as enterohepatic circulation. The whole of bile salts in the body circulate as much as 10-12 times / day. In each circulation, a small amount of bile salts into the large intestine (colon). In the colon, bacteria break down the bile salts into various constituent. Some of the constituents is reabsorbed and the rest is disposed of with feces.


colon

The large intestine consists of:
- Ascending colon (right)
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon (left)
- Sigmoid colon (associated with the rectum).

Appendix (appendectomy) is a small protrusion shaped like a tube, which is located in the ascending colon, ascending colon on the border with the small intestine. Colon produces mucus and serves to absorb water and electrolytes from the feces. When it reaches the large intestine, intestinal contents as a liquid, but when it reaches the rectum into solid form. The number of bacteria present in the colon serves to digest some of the ingredients and helps absorption of nutrients.


Bacteria in the colon also serves to make the important substances, such as vitamin K. These bacteria are essential for normal function of the intestine. Some diseases and antibiotics can cause interference with the bacteria in the colon. The result is irritation that could cause the release of mucus and water, and there was diarrhea.




Rectum & Anal

The rectum is a room that starts from the end of the colon (the sigmoid colon) and ends at the anus. Rectum is usually empty because the stool is stored in a higher place, namely in the descending colon. If the descending colon is full and feces into the rectum, then the desire to defecate. Adults and older children can resist this desire, but infants and younger children have less control of the muscles that are important to delay defecation.

The anus is a hole at the end of the digestive tract, where waste material out of the body. Most of the anus is formed from the body surface (skin) and some of the intestine. A muscular ring (sphincter ani) keeping the anus remains closed.